偶氮染料分子结构对其生物脱色影响的研究进展

偶氮染料是工业中染料用量最大的一类,不同的分子结构对其微生物脱色性能具有一定的影响作用。文章综述了偶氮染料分子结构中的取代基种类及其取代位置对染料的脱色规律,以及分子特征结构对微生物脱色的量化分析。对目前染料生物脱色规律研究中存在的问题进行了分析,提出相应的对策措施。     

公共场所火灾伤员转运护理应急资源评估

为保障伤员生命与健康,提升火灾伤员救治率,该文研究公共场所火灾伤员转运护理应急资源评估方法。以火灾伤员转运护理应急资源需求分析为基础,从应急人员、应急设备、应急环境信息与应急管理四个方面出发,共选取15个评估指标,构建公共场所火灾伤员转运护理应急资源评估指标体系,根据各指标采集相关数据并对数据实施量纲标准化处理。构建基于层次分析法的评估模型,计算评估指标体系内各指标权重,引入类间权重与类内权重两个变量,分别表示专家学术与经验差异和专家个体逻辑性差异,提升指标权重的合理性;通过综合模糊评价将各指标分为“差、较差、一般、较好、好”五个等级。以某隧道火灾为对象采用该方法评估,验证了本方法的有效性。     

EM菌处理垃圾渗滤液的微生物生态学及机理分析研究

通过DNA提取,PCR扩增和DGGE分离,用BLAST程序进行相似性比较分析体系中微生物群落多样性。所有序列与数据库中16S rDNA序列的相似性在94%~100%之间。从整个挂膜过程考虑,挂膜时间应在8天左右。渗滤液中污染物的去除与投加EM有很大的关系,但是渗滤液中原始菌种的贡献同样不可忽视。投加EM菌剂促进了渗滤液中群落结构演替和功能优化,并最终通过EM菌剂和渗滤液中原始菌群的共同作用实现渗滤液处理系统效能提高和完善。     

小分子有机酸对紫色土及其溶液中Pb的赋存影响

以紫色土中铅(Pb)为研究对象,采用以0.01 mol·L~(-1)硝酸钠(NaNO_3)为背景电解质的一步提取法,研究了不同浓度下乙酸,酒石酸和柠檬酸对土壤中Pb的释放作用,并通过土壤重金属形态的分步提取法和地球化学平衡软件Visual MINTEQ v3.0,进一步分析和预测了小分子有机酸作用下土壤中Pb以及土壤溶液中Pb的形态变化.在此基础上,分析了小分子有机酸对Pb作用的环境意义与环境风险.结果表明,3种小分子有机酸均显著增加了紫色土中Pb的释放量,活化效果表现为柠檬酸酒石酸乙酸.在有机酸作用下,土壤中交换态Pb总量增加,碳酸盐结合态Pb和铁锰氧化物结合态Pb总量降低;土壤溶液中Pb以有机结合态为主,占总Pb质量的45.16%~75.05%,游离态次之,占22.71%~50.25%,且随着浓度增加,柠檬酸和酒石酸作用下的土壤溶液中的游离态Pb和无机结合态Pb增加,而有机结合态Pb减少,乙酸则呈相反趋势.总体上看,小分子有机酸提高了紫色土中Pb的生物有效性,且存在地下水的淋溶风险,其中柠檬酸的淋溶风险远大于酒石酸和乙酸.     

土壤溶解性有机质荧光特征及其与铜的络合能力

选取4种不同类型土壤和腐熟鸡粪,透析提取溶解性有机质(DOM),通过凝胶色谱、三维荧光光谱测定并分析了DOM的相对分子质量(M_r)分布、化学结构特征及其与铜的结合能力.结果表明,鸡粪DOM相对分子质量积分面积远高于其他样品,表现出其具有较高的有机物含量,泥炭土次之.暗棕壤、褐土和黑土较低,仅为鸡粪积分面积的4.5%~5%.鸡粪在中分子量段积分面积约占总物质的34.1%,低分子量段和高分子量段分别约占41.7%和24.2%.荧光光谱分析表明,各样品均出现类蛋白荧光峰(E_x/E_m=240~270/300~350 nm),在中、高分子量段(M_r500)暗棕壤存在的荧光峰消失.泥炭土出现了较为独特的可见光区类富里酸荧光峰(E_x/E_m=325/420 nm),该荧光峰和黑土的荧光峰在中、高分子量段(M_r500)都产生了红移现象.鸡粪分别出现了和黑土类似的紫外区类富里酸荧光峰,以及和泥炭土类似的可见光区类富里酸荧光峰,以及一类独特的类蛋白荧光峰(E_x/E_m=280/350 nm),但这种类蛋白荧光峰在中分子量段(500M_r12 000)消失.分析表明泥炭土与Cu的络合常数(lg K)为4.13,其他3种土壤与Cu的络合常数较小且差别不大,集中在2.10~3.10之间.鸡粪与Cu的结合能力最大,络合常数达到6.66.     

有机物降解产气率模型研究

根据重庆市生活垃圾的组成特点,自配垃圾试样进行有机物降解实验,根据实验期间试样的质量变化,结合降解反应方程式,计算试样的产气量,并建立产气率模型.实验结果表明,试样质量随时间逐渐降低,呈指数型衰减规律.试样在实验初期产气率增加较快,达到产气高峰后逐渐降低.用建立的产气率模型进行计算,计算结果与实测数据比较接近,说明该产...     

用煤矸石合成4A沸石分子筛处理氨氮废水

以煤矸石为原料,采用碱熔-水热法合成4A沸石分子筛。由于煤矸石中铝、硅主要以高岭土形式存在,其活化过程是合成4A沸石分子筛关键环节。为提高4A沸石分子筛钙离子的交换能力,增加对模拟废水氨氮的去除率,实验考察了碳酸钠与煤矸石质量比、活化温度、活化时间、晶化温度和晶化时间对4A沸石分子筛钙离子交换能力的影响,同时也考察了模拟废水的pH、4A沸石分子筛加入量及吸附时间对氨氮去除率的影响。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为,碳酸钠与煤矸石质量比为0.9、活化温度为800℃、活化时间1.5 h、晶化温度90℃和晶化时间3 h。合成4A沸石分子筛的钙离子交换能力为310 mg/g,在pH为6的100 mL模拟氨氮废水中加入6 g 4A沸石分子筛吸附40 min后,废水中氨氮的去除率达到86%。通过最佳工艺条件合成4A沸石分子筛,在处理氨氮废水方面具有一定的应用前景。     

CuO（-CeO2）/SBA-15对萘氧化的催化活性及CO2选择性研究

通过浸渍法制备CuO/SBA-15和CuO-CeO2/SBA-15两种介孔材料催化剂,采用BET、XRD、TPR和XPS等对催化剂进行表征,重点考察催化剂对萘氧化反应的催化活性及对产物CO2的选择性。BET、XRD和XPS等实验结果表明CuO高度分散于介孔分子筛SBA-15中,CeO2可促进CuO在载体上的分散,同时能降低催化剂的TPR还原温度。活性测试结果表明CuO/SBA-15对萘氧化反应的催化活性较高,但是催化氧化的CO2选择性较低,温度在380℃时CO2的生成率仅为60%左右;CeO2的添加不仅提高了CO2的生成率,15%CuO-15%CeO2/SBA-15在325℃使CO2生成率达到99%,而且CeO2增强了催化剂的稳定性。     

Ozonation as an advanced oxidant in treatment of bamboo industry wastewater

The present study employed ozonation process to treat the bamboo industry wastewater (BIWW). The impact of ozone dosage and initial organic concentration on color, COD and TOC removal rates were studied along with characterization of the major organics in raw and treated wastewater. The results suggested the ozone dosage of 3.15 g h⁻¹ (concentration 52.5 mg L⁻¹) was suitable for the treatment. After 25 min ozonation of 1 L raw wastewater, the color, COD and TOC removal efficiencies were 95%, 56% and 40%, respectively, with an influent COD concentration of 835 mg L⁻¹. The ratio of kg O₃ kg⁻¹ COD at 3.15 g h⁻¹ was 2.8 (<3), revealing that ozonation was a cost effective process for tertiary treatment of BIWW. Longer oxidization time was required to achieve similar results for raw wastewater with higher COD concentration. The chromatogram from gel permeation chromatography revealed that ozonation resulted in the breakdown of high molecular weight compounds into lower molecular weight components but could not completely mineralize the organic matter. The majority of these compounds were identified in both raw and ozonated samples via GC-MS analysis. In addition to ester derivatives as the main intermediates of ozonation, 1-chloroctadecane, methyl stearate, benzophenone and α-cyperone were identified as the by-products of ozonation.     

In vitro toxicity of fungicides with different modes of action to alfalfa anthracnose fungus,Colletotrichum destructivum

Abstract

Sensitivity of 24 isolates of Colletotrichum destructivum O’Gara, collected from alfalfa plants in Serbia, to eight selected fungicides, was investigated in this study. Molecular identification and pathogenicity test of isolates tested were also performed. Fungicide sensitivity was evaluated in vitro, using mycelial growth assay method. All isolates exhibited significant pathogenicity, causing necrosis at the alfalfa seedling root tips two days after inoculation. Using the primer pair GSF1-SR1 and by comparing the amplified fragments of the tested isolates with the marker (M), the presence of the amplicon of the expected size of about 900?bp was determined for all isolates. The isolates tested in this study showed different sensitivity towards fungicides in vitro. Mycelial growth was highly inhibited by QoI (quinone outside inhibitors) fungicide pyraclostrobin (mean EC₅₀=0.39?µg mL^?1) and by DMI (demethylation-inhibiting) fungicide tebuconazole (mean EC₅₀=0.61?µg mL^?1), followed by azoxystrobin (mean EC₅₀=2.83?µg mL^?1) and flutriafol (mean EC₅₀=2.11?µg mL^?1). Multi-site fungicide chlorothalonil and MBC (methyl benzimidazole carbamate) fungicide thiophanate-methyl evinced moderate inhibition with mean EC₅₀=35.31 and 62.83?µg mL^?1, respectively. Thirteen isolates were sensitive to SDHI (succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors) fungicide boscalid and fluxapyroxad, (mean EC₅₀=0.49 and 0.19?µg mL^?1, respectively), while the rest of isolates were highly resistant.